Local Area Network

This introduces the various media-access methods, transmission methods, topologies, and devices used in a local area network (LAN). Topics addressed focus on the methods and devices used in Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, Token Ring/IEEE 802.5, and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). Figure 1 illustrates the basic layout of these three implementations.

What is a LAN?

Local Area Network (LAN) is a communication network used by a single organization over a limited distance; this work enables users to share information and resources. A LAN is a high-speed, fault-tolerant data network that covers a relatively small geographic area. It typically connects workstations, personal computers, printers, and other devices. LANs offer computer users many advantages, including shared access to devices and applications, file exchange between connected users, and communication between users via electronic mail and other applications.

LAN Operating Systems have three components.

• Disk Operating System: present in each PC and file server. It manages the device and provides a standard interface to the network hardware.
• File Server Software: manages the network resources, particularly the server. This is required to control the flow of messages between the workstations and the servers.
• Redirector: runs in each workstation on the local area network and directs the requests to appropriate network devices, including various servers.

Based on the NOS (Network Operating System)/ File server software location, the LAN may be divided into two types:

• Server-based LAN: This is a Network which has a dedicated machine/ Computer, that has the file server software located on it. All the workstations on the LAN point towards this computer for accessing the resources.
• Peer-To-Peer LAN: This network is usually small and has the file server software installed on each of the workstations, hence, acting as both a file server and a workstation.

LAN Protocols and the OSI Reference Model

LAN protocols function at the lowest two layers of the OSI reference model Internetworking Basics, between the physical layer and the data link layer. Figure 2 illustrates how several popular LAN protocols map to the OSI reference model.

LAN Media-Access Methods

LAN protocols typically use one of two methods to access the physical network medium: carrier sense multiple access collision detect (CSMA/CD) and token passing. In the CSMA/CD media-access scheme, network devices contend for use of the physical network medium. CSMA/CD is therefore sometimes called contention access. Examples of LANs that use the CSMA/CD media-access scheme are Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 networks, including 100BaseT. In the token-passing media-access scheme, network devices access the physical medium based on possession of a token. Examples of LANs that use the token-passing media-access scheme are Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and FDDI.

LAN Transmission Methods

LAN data transmissions fall into three classifications: unicast, multicast, and broadcast. In each type of transmission, a single packet is sent to one or more nodes.

In a unicast transmission, a single packet is sent from the source to a destination on a network. First, the source node addresses the packet by using the address of the destination node. The package is then sent onto the network, and finally, the network passes the packet to its destination.

A multicast transmission consists of a single data packet that is copied and sent to a specific subset of nodes on the network. First, the source node addresses the packet by using a multicast address. The packet is then sent into the network, which makes copies of the packet and sends a copy to each node that is part of the multicast address.

A broadcast transmission consists of a single data packet that is copied and sent to all nodes on the network. In these types of transmissions, the source node addresses the packet by using the broadcast address. The packet is then sent into the network, which makes copies of the packet and sends a copy to every node on the network.

LAN Topologies

LAN topologies define the manner in which network devices are organized. Four common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, and tree. These topologies are logical architectures, but the actual devices need not be physically organized in these configurations. Logical bus and ring topologies, for example, are commonly organized physically as a star. A bus topology is a linear LAN architecture in which transmissions from network stations propagate the length of the medium and are received by all other stations. Of the three most widely used LAN implementations, Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 networks , including 100BaseT, implement a bus topology, which is illustrated in Figure 3.

A ring topology is a LAN architecture that consists of a series of devices connected to one another by unidirectional transmission links to form a single closed loop. Both Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and FDDI networks implement a ring topology. Figure 4 depicts a logical ring topology.

A star topology is a LAN architecture in which the endpoints on a network are connected to a common central hub, or switch, by dedicated links. Logical bus and ring topologies are often implemented physically in a star topology, which is illustrated in Figure 5. A tree topology is a LAN architecture that is identical to the bus topology, except that branches with multiple nodes are possible in this case. Figure 5 illustrates a logical tree topology.

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